방어적 민주주의(en:Defensive democracy), Defensive democracy

 

방어적 민주주의(en:Defensive democracy) 
 
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_democracy

 
Defensive democracy is the philosophy that members of a democratic society believe it necessary to limit some rights and freedoms, in order to protect the institutions of the democracy. 
 
 
Contents
1 Examples
1.1 Israel
1.2 Europe
1.3 Republic of Korea (South Korea) 
 
Examples 
 
 
Israel 
 Defensive democracy is the philosophy that members of a democratic society believe it necessary to limit some rights and freedoms, in order to protect the institutions of the democracy.

Contents
1 Examples
1.1 Israel
1.2 Europe
1.3 Republic of Korea (South Korea)

 

 

1. Israel

Israel implemented the principle of defensive democracy, the Basic Law of the Knesset (Section 7A) which determined that "candidate lists would not participate in elections if its goals or actions, expressly or by implication, would deny the existence of the state of Israel as a Jewish state or deny the democratic character of the state of Israel.
Various political science researchers[who?] have perceived Israel as a democracy defending itself mainly from social and security constraints with which the state of Israel has been dealing since the dawn its creation. During the first three decades of its existence, the state of Israel was completely surrounded by countries that did not recognize Israel's existence as legitimate. Through the years, concerns have been raised from within the Jewish majority in Israel that the Arab minority within the country, who consider themselves part of the Arab world, would cooperate with the neighboring countries in their struggle against Israel. This situation has often raised the issue of a self-defensive democracy on the agenda in Israel.
During the 1980s, the issue was heavily discussed in a different context – for the first time in Israel's history, an extreme right-wing Jewish party (the Kach Party), who rejected the state's democratic character and the rights of the Arab minority within the country, won representation to the Israeli parliament in the 1984 elections to the Knesset. As a result, Israel's Supreme Court outlawed the party and did not allow it to run again in the 1988 elections on the basis that the party advocates racism.

 

2. Europe

Ten countries in Europe have outlawed Holocaust denial: France (Loi Gayssot), Belgium (Belgian Holocaust denial law), Switzerland (article 261bis of the Penal Code), Germany (§ 130 (3) of the penal code), Austria (article 3h Verbotsgesetz 1947), Romania, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Poland (article 55 of the law creating the Institute of National Remembrance 1998).
More notably, Germany maintains a domestic intelligence service, the Verfassungsschutz, whose main purpose is to investigate parties which may violate the constitutional bans on working to end the democratic nature of the state (in particular far-right and Communist parties).

 

3. Republic of Korea (South Korea)

Learning from legislation of West Germany, National Assembly of Second Republic inserted Defensive Democracy in their Constitution in 1960. After that, Now in Sixth Republic, it remains in Constitution (§8(4) — esp. defensive democracy to prevent illegal parties) and has some procedures in other laws. The Constitutional Court of Korea is in charge of deciding if a party is illegal and therefore should be dissolved.
For the first time since the Constitutional Court of Korea was created, on November 2013, the Justice Ministry of Korea petitioned the Constitutional Court to dissolve the Unified Progressive Party, citing its pro-North Korean activities (see 2013 South Korean sabotage plot). on 19 December 2014, the Court ruled 8-1 that the Unified Progressive Party is dissolved.

 

대한민국 헌법 참고 자료

 

http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95_%EC%A0%9C8%EC%A1%B0 

 

독일 형법에서 위헌 조직(독일어: verfassungswidriger Organisationen)은 독일의 연방헌법재판소에 의하여 위헌으로 선언된 정당 또는 그와 같은 정당의 대체조직임이 확정된 정당이나 단체이다. 독일 형법 86조는 나치 기호와 같은 위헌 조직의 상징 도안을 사용할 수 없도록 규정하고 있다.

 

위헌조직 판례

• 사회주의국가당(1952년 위헌 판결)^[1]
• 독일 공산당(KPD, 1956년 위헌 판결): 1968년에 대체조직이 합법화되었다.^[2]

 

출처 : http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%97%8C%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81

 

대한민국의 반국가단체, 이적단체

 

반국가 단체 - 유럽 독일의 경우 판결이 유일하게 나치당임, 파시스트

 

• 재일 한국민주통일 연합 : 1977년 판결. 해당 판결 관련자들은 2011년 재심으로 무죄판결을 받았으나, 한민통에 대해서는 반국가단체가 아니라는 판시를 하지 않았다.^[5]
• 진보당 : 대법원 1959. 2. 27. 선고 4291형상559 판결. 2011년 재심으로 무죄판결을 받았다.^[6]
• 민청학련 : 대법원 1975.4.8. 선고 74도3323 판결. 2009년 재심으로 무죄판결을 받았다.^[7]
• 인혁당재건위 : 대법원 1975.4.8. 선고 74도3323 판결. 2007년 1월 23일 재심으로 무죄판결을 받았다.^[8]
• 학림사건 : 1981년 판결. 2012년 재심으로 무죄판결을 받았다.^[9]
• 아람회 사건 : 서울고등법원 1982.06.1919. 선고 82노910 제3형사부판결. 2009년 재심으로 무죄판결을 받았다.^[10]

 

출처 : http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%98%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A8%EC%B2%B4

 

이적단체

 

아래는 대법원이 이적단체로 판결한 단체들이다.

• 조국통일범민족연합 (1989년 대법원 판결)^[1]
• 조국통일범민족청년학생연합 (1997년 대법원 판결)
• 한국대학총학생회연합 (1997년 대법원 판결)^[1]
• 한국청년단체협의회 (2004년 대법원 판결)^[3]
• 남북공동선언실천연대 (2010년 대법원 판결)^[4]
• 우리민족연방제통일추진회의 (2012년 대법원 판결)^[5]
• 민족자주평화통일중앙회의(민자통)
• 청주통일청년회

출처 : http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%81%EB%8B%A8%EC%B2%B4