NGO과 국제회의 영어 8-13주차 기말 고사 내용
국제회의 영어 기말고사 범위 - 이건 기말 때 이 정도 암기하고 있어야 한다.
앞은 중간고사 생략.
시험 볼 때 여기서 어떤게 () 괄호 나올지 모른다.
()괄호가 랜덤이다.
YOU will get useful abbreviations in the international conferences.
Lists of Abbreviations
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LIST OF USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS
ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations (동남아시아국가연합)
ASEM: Asia Europe Meeting (아시아유럽회의)
APEC: Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (아태경제협력기구)
EU: European Union (유럽연합)
G-8: Group of 8
G-20: Group of 20
G-77/China: Group of 77 and China
OECD/DAC: Development Assistance Committee of the
OECD(Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development) (경제협력개발기구/개발원조위원회)
IOM: International Organization for Migration (국제이주기구)
CBO: Community-based organization (지역조직)
CSO: Civil Society Organization (시민사회조직)
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LIST OF USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS
NGO: Non-Governmental Organization (비정부조직)
BWIs: Bretton Woods Institutions (브레튼우즈 체제)
GATS: General Agreement on Trade in Services (서비스거래에 관한 일반협정)
PRSPs: Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (빈곤감소전략보고서)
SAPs: Structural Adjustment Programs (구조조정프로그램)
SCM: Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (보조금과 상응조치)
SMEs: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (중소기업)
CBD: Convention on Biological Diversity (생물다양성협약)
CDM: Clean Development Mechanism (청정개발체제)
CERs: Certified Emissions Reductions (배출감축권한)
CIF: Climate Investment Funds (기후투자기금)
CO2: Carbon Dioxide (이산화탄소)
CO2eq: Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (이산화탄소 환산)
Concessional loan (양허성 차관-유상원조)
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LIST OF USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS
Grant (증여-무상원조)
DDA: Doha Development Agenda (도하개발아젠다)
FDI: Foreign Direct Investment (해외직접투자)
FfD: Financing for Development (개발기금조달)
FTA: Free Trade Agreement (자유무역협정)
GEF: Global Environment Facility (지구환경기금)
GHG: Green House Gas (온실가스)
GWP: Global Warming Potential (지구온난화 지수)
HIV/AIDS: Human Immune-deficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency
syndrome (후천성면역결핍증)
IEA: International Energy Agency (국제에너지기구)
ITL: International transaction log (국제거래일지)
IPCC: Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (정부간기후변화위원회)
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(유엔기후변화기본협약)
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LIST OF USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS
LICs: Low Income Countries (저임금국가)
LULUCF: Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry (토양이용 및 그 변화와 임업)
MDBs: Multilateral Development Banks (다자간 개발은행)
MDGs: Millennium Development Goals (새천년개발목표)
M&E: Monitoring and Evaluation (모니터와 평가)
ODA: Official Development Assistance (공적개발원조)
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (석유 수출국 기구)
R&D: Research & Development (연구개발)
REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(개도국산림 전용방지활동에 대한 온실가스 감축 인정)
SIDS: Small Island Developing States (군소도서국가)
TRIPS: Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
(무역관련 지적소유권)
UNCCD: UN Convention to Combat Desertification (사막화방지협약)
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LIST OF USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS
UNCED: UN Conference on Environment and Development (유엔환경개발회의)
WP-EFF: Working Party on Aid Effectiveness (원조 효과성 작업반 회의)
WTO: World Trade Organization (세계무역기구)
WWF: World Wide Fund for Nature (세계자연보호기금)
WWI: World Watch Institute (세계환경감시연구소)
GDP: Gross Domestic Product (국내총생산)
GII: Gender Inequality Index (성불평등지수)
GNI: Gross National Income (국민총소득)
GNP: Gross National Product (국민총생산)
HDI: Human Development Index (인간개발지수)
HDR: Human Development Report (인간개발보고서)
HPI: Human Poverty Index (인간빈곤지수)
IHDI: Inequality-adjusted HDI (불평등조정 인간개발지수)
MPI: Multidimensional Poverty Index (다면적 빈곤지수)
PPP: Purchasing Power Parity (구매력 평가)
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LIST OF USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS
UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(유엔무역개발회의)
UNDCP: United Nations Drug Control Program (유엔마약통제프로그램)
UNEP: United Nations Environment Program (유엔환경프로그램)
UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund (유엔아동기금)
UNDP: United Nations Development Program (유엔개발프로그램)
UNIFEM: United Nations Development Fund for Women
(유엔여성개발기금)
UNV: United Nations Volunteers (유엔자원봉사단)
UNCDF: United Nations Capital Development Fund (유엔자본개발기금)
UNFPA: United Nations Fund for Population Activities (유엔인구기금)
UNHCR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(유엔난민고등판무관사무소)
WFP: World Food Program (세계식량프로그램)
UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East (유엔 팔레스타인 난민구호 사업기구)
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UN-HABITAT: United Nations Human Settlements Program
(유엔인간정주프로그램)
UNICRI: United Nations Inter-regional Crime and Justice Research Institute
(국제범죄 및 형사연구소)
UNITAR: United Nations Institute for Training and Research (훈련과 조사연구소)
UNRISD: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
(사회개발조사연구소)
UNIDIR: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (군축조사연구소)
UN-INSTRAW: United Nations International Research and Training Institute for
the Advancement of Women (여성발전 국제 조사 및 훈련 연구소)
UNOPS: United Nations Office for Project Services (사업지원사무소)
UNU: United Nations University (유엔대학)
UNSSC: United Nations System Staff College (유엔실무대학)
UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AID (유엔 합동 에이즈 프로그램)
UNFIP: United Nations Fund for International Partnership (국제협력기금)
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UNDEF: United Nations Democracy Fund (민주주의 기금)
IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency (국제원자력기구)
CTBTO Prep.Com: Preparatory Commission for Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-
Ban Treaty Organization (포괄적 핵실험금지조약기구 준비위원회)
OPCW: Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapon (화학무기금지기구)
IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency (국제원자력기구)
UN-OHRLLS: Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed
Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States
(최빈국, 내륙개발국 및 군소도서국 고위대표실)
OHCHR: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
(인권고등판무관실)
UNODC: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (마약및범죄사무소)
CSD: Commission on Sustainable Development (지속가능개발위원회)
CSW: Commission on Status of Women (여성지위위원회)
CPD: Commission on Population and Development (인구개발위원회)
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CSD: Commission for Social Development (사회개발위원회)
ECA: Economic Commission for Africa (아프리카지역 경제위원회)
ECE: Economic Commission for Europe (유럽지역 경제위원회)
ECLAC: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
(남미 및 카리브해안 지역 경제위원회)
ESCAP: Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(아태지역 경제사회위원회)
ESCWA: Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
(서아시아지역 경제사회위윈회)
ILO: International Labor Organization (국제노동기구)
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(유엔식량농업기구)
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(유엔교육과학문화기구)
WHO: World Health Organization (세계보건기구)
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IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(국제부흥개발은행)
IDA: International Development Association (국제개발협회)
IFC: International Finance Cooperation (국제금융공사)
MIGA: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (국제투자보증기구)
ICSID: International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute
(국제투자분쟁해결센터)
IMF: International Monetary Fund (국제통화기금)
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization (국제민간항공기구)
IMO: International Maritime Organization (국제해사기구)
ITU: International Telecommunication Union (국제전기통신연맹)
WMO: World Meteorological Organization (세계기상기구)
WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization (세계지적소유권기구)
IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development (국제농업발전기금)
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (유엔공업개발기구)
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UNWTO: United Nations World Tourism Organization (세계관광기구)
WTO: World Trade Organization (세계무역기구)
CCPR: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
(시민적, 정치적 자유에 관한 협약)
CESCR: The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(경제, 사회, 문화적 권리에 관한 협약)
CERD: The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (인종차별철폐협약)
CEDAW: The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women (여성차별철폐협약)
CAT: The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment (고문방지협약)
CRC: The Convention on the Rights of the Child (아동권리협약)
CMW: The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant
Workers and Members of their Families (이주노동자 및 가족의 권리에 관한 협약)
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CRPD: The International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
(장애인 권리에 관한 협약)
CED: The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from
Enforced Disappearance (강제실종자 권리에 관한 협약)
You will be understand about the WTO Structure and Agreements.
THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM–PAST, PRESENT AND
FUTURE
WTO AGREEMENTS
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM–PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
The World Trade Organization (WTO) came into being in 1995. one of the
youngest of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the
Second World War.
So while the WTO is still young, the multilateral trading system that was originally
set up under GATT is well over 50 years old.
The past 50 years have seen an exceptional growth in world trade. Merchandise
exports grew on average by 6% annually. Total trade in 2000 was 22-times the
level of 1950. GATT and the WTO have helped to create a strong and prosperous
trading system contributing to unprecedented growth.
THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM–PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
The system was developed through a series of trade negotiations, or rounds,
held under GATT. The first rounds dealt mainly with tariff reductions but later
negotiations included other areas such as anti-dumping and non-tariff
measures. The last round – the 1986-94 Uruguay Round – led to the WTO’s
creation.
The negotiations did not end there. Some continued after the end of the Uruguay
Round. In February 1997 an agreement was reached on telecommunications
services, with 69 governments agreeing to wide-ranging liberalization measures
that went beyond those agreed in the Uruguay Round.
In the same year, 40 governments successfully concluded negotiations for tarifffree
trade in information technology products, and 70 members concluded a
financial services deal covering more than 95% of trade in banking, insurance,
securities and financial information.
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THE MULTILATERAL TRADING SYSTEM–PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
In 2000, new talks started on agriculture and services. These have now been
incorporated into a broader work program, the Doha Development Agenda
(DDA), launched at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in
November 2001.
The agenda adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs, trade
and environment, WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies, investment,
competition policy, trade facilitation, transparency in government procurement,
intellectual property, and a range of issues raised by developing countries as
difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.
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WTO AGREEMENTS
How can you ensure that trade is as fair as possible, and as free as is practical?
By negotiating rules and abiding by them.
The WTO’s rules – the agreements – are the result of negotiations between the
members. The current set were the outcome of the 1986-94 Uruguay Round
negotiations which included a major revision of the original General Agreement
on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).
GATT is now the WTO’s principal rule-book for trade in goods. The Uruguay
Round also created new rules for dealing with trade in services, relevant aspects
of intellectual property, dispute settlement, and trade policy reviews. The
complete set runs to some 30,000 pages consisting of about 30 agreements
and separate commitments (called schedules) made by individual members in
specific areas such as lower customs duty rates and services market-opening.
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WTO AGREEMENTS
Through these agreements, WTO members operate a non-discriminatory trading
system that spells out their rights and their obligations. Each country receives
guarantees that its exports will be treated fairly and consistently in other
countries’ markets. Each promises to do the same for imports into its own
market. The system also gives developing countries some flexibility in
implementing their commitments.
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WTO AGREEMENTS
GOODS
It all began with trade in goods. From 1947 to 1994, GATT was the forum for
negotiating lower customs duty rates and other trade barriers; the text of the
General Agreement spelt out important rules, particularly non-discrimination.
Since 1995, the updated GATT has become the WTO’s umbrella agreement for
trade in goods. It has annexes dealing with specific sectors such as agriculture
and textiles, and with specific issues such as state trading, product standards,
subsidies and actions taken against dumping.
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WTO AGREEMENTS
SERVICES
Banks, insurance firms, telecommunications companies, tour operators, hotel
chains and transport companies looking to do business abroad can now enjoy
the same principles of freer and fairer trade that originally only applied to trade in
goods.
These principles appear in the new General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS). WTO members have also made individual commitments under GATS
stating which of their services sectors they are willing to open to foreign
competition, and how open those markets are.
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WTO AGREEMENTS
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The WTO’s Intellectual Property Agreement amounts to rules for trade and
investment in ideas and creativity. The rules state how copyrights, patents,
trademarks, geographical names used to identify products, industrial designs,
integrated circuit layout-designs and undisclosed information such as trade
secrets – “intellectual property” – should be protected when trade is involved.
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WTO AGREEMENTS
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT
The WTO’s procedure for resolving trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement
Understanding is vital for enforcing the rules and therefore for ensuring that trade
flows smoothly. Countries bring disputes to the WTO if they think their rights
under the agreements are being infringed. Judgements by specially-appointed
independent experts are based on interpretations of the agreements and
individual countries’ commitments.
The system encourages countries to settle their differences through consultation.
Failing that, they can follow a carefully mapped out, stage-by-stage procedure
that includes the possibility of a ruling by a panel of experts, and the chance to
appeal the ruling on legal grounds. Confidence in the system is borne out by the
number of cases brought to the WTO – more than 300 cases in ten years
compared to the 300 disputes dealt with during the entire life of GATT (1947-
94).
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WTO AGREEMENTS
TRADE POLICY REVIEW
The Trade Policy Review Mechanism’s purpose is to improve transparency, to
create a greater understanding of the policies that countries are adopting, and to
assess their impact. Many members also see the reviews as constructive
feedback on their policies.
All WTO members must undergo periodic scrutiny, each review containing reports
by the country concerned and the WTO Secretariat.
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DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT AND TRADE
Over three-quarters of WTO members are developing or least developed
countries. All WTO agreements contain special provision for them, including
longer time periods to implement agreements and commitments, measures to
increase their trading opportunities, provisions requiring all WTO members to
safeguard their trade interests, and support to help them build the infrastructure
for WTO work, handle disputes, and implement technical standards.
The 2001 Ministerial Conference in Doha set out tasks, including negotiations,
for a wide range of issues concerning developing countries. Some people call
the new negotiations the Doha Development Round.
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DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
DEVELOPMENT AND TRADE
Before that, in 1997, a high-level meeting on trade initiatives and technical
assistance for least-developed countries resulted in an “integrated framework”
involving six intergovernmental agencies, to help least-developed countries
increase their ability to trade, and some additional preferential market access
agreements.
A WTO Committee on Trade and Development, assisted by a Sub-Committee on
Least-Developed Countries, looks at developing countries’ special needs. Its
responsibility includes implementation of the agreements, technical cooperation,
and the increased participation of developing countries in the global trading
system.
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DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND TRAINING
The WTO organizes hundreds of technical cooperation missions to developing
countries annually. It holds on average three trade policy courses each year in
Geneva for government officials. Regional seminars are held regularly in all
regions of the world with a special emphasis on African countries. Training
courses are also organized in Geneva for officials from countries in transition
from central planning to market economies.
You will be understand about the WTO Structure and Agreements.
THE ORGANIZATION
WTO structure
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THE ORGANIZATION
FUNCTIONS
The WTO’s overriding objective is to help trade flow smoothly, freely, fairly and
predictably. It does this by:
Administering trade agreements
Acting as a forum for trade negotiations
Settling trade disputes
Reviewing national trade policies
Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical
assistance and training programs
Cooperating with other international organizations
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THE ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
The WTO has 153 members, accounting for over 97% of world trade. Around 30
others are negotiating membership.
Decisions are made by the entire membership. This is typically by consensus. A
majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO, and was
extremely rare under the WTO’s predecessor, the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT). The WTO’s agreements have been ratified in all members’
parliaments.
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THE ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
The WTO’s top level decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference which
meets at least once every two years. Below this is the General Council (normally
ambassadors and heads of delegation in Geneva, but sometimes officials sent
from members’ capitals) which meets several times a year in the Geneva
headquarters. The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body
and the Dispute Settlement Body.
At the next level, the Goods Council, Services Council and Intellectual Property
(TRIPS) Council report to the General Council. Numerous specialized
committees, working groups and working parties deal with the individual
agreements and other areas such as the environment, development,
membership applications and regional trade agreements.
<국제회의영어> 9차시 2강 WTO Structure (2)
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WTO structure
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Ministerial Conference - Highest Authority
General Council - Second Level
Dispute Settlement Body - Second Level
Trade Policy Review Body - Second Level
WTO structure
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Council for Trade in Goods - Third Level
Committee on Market Access
Committee on Agriculture
Committee on Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary Measures
Committee on Technical Barriers to Trade
Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
Committee on Anti-Dumping Practices
Committee on Customs Valuation
Committee on Rules of Origin
Committee on Import Licensing
Committee on Trade-Related Investments Measures
Committee on Safeguards
Working Party on State-Trading Enterprises
WTO structure
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Council for Trade in Services - Third Level
Committee on Trade in Financial Services
Working Party on Domestic Regulation GATS Rules
Committee on Specific Commitments
Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
- Third Level
WTO structure
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Committees and Working Party - Smaller Scope of Coverage
Committee on Trade and Environment
Committee on Trade and Development
Subcommittee on Least-Developed Countries
Committee on Regional Trade Agreements
Committee on Balance of Payments Restrictions
Committee on Budget, Finance and Administration
Working Party on Accession
Working Group on Trade, Debt, Finance
Working Group on Trade and Technology Transfer
WTO structure
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Doha Development Agenda: Trade Negotiation Committee (TNC)
and its bodies
Special Session of Services Council
Special Session of TRIPS Council
Special Session of Dispute Settlement Body
Special Session of Agricultural Committee and Cotton Subcommittee
Special Session of Trade and Development Committee
Special Session of Trade and Environment Committee
Negotiating Group on Market Access
Negotiating Group on Rules
Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation
You will be able to understand the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The Convention and the Protocol
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto mechanisms
Monitoring emission targets
<국제회의영어> 10차시 1강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1)
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The Convention and the Protocol
Over a decade ago, most countries joined an international treaty – the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - to begin to
consider what can be done to reduce global warming and to cope with whatever
temperature increases are inevitable. More recently, a number of nations
approved an addition to the treaty: the Kyoto Protocol, which has more powerful
(and legally binding) measures. The UNFCCC secretariat supports all institutions
involved in the climate change process, particularly the COP, the subsidiary
bodies and their Bureau.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change. The major feature of the Kyoto
Protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the
European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These
amounts to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year
period 2008-2012.
The major distinction between the Protocol and the Convention is that while the
Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions, the
Protocol commits them to do so.
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol, an international and legally binding agreement to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, entered into force on 16
February 2005
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Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current
high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150
years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed
nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and
entered into force on 16 February 2005. The detailed rules for the
implementation of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001,
and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”
Kyoto Protocol
<Delegates celebrate adoption of the Protocol in 1997.>
이미지 출처 : unfcc 홈페이지
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Under the Treaty, countries must meet their targets primarily through national
measures. However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional means of
meeting their targets by way of three market-based mechanisms.
The Kyoto mechanisms
The Kyoto mechanisms are:
Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"
Clean development mechanism (CDM)
Joint implementation (JI).
The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help Parties meet their
emission targets in a cost-effective way.
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Under the Protocol, countries’ actual emissions have to be monitored and
precise records have to be kept of the trades carried out.
Monitoring emission targets
Registry systems track and record transactions by Parties under the
mechanisms. The UN Climate Change Secretariat, based in Bonn,
Germany, keeps an international transaction log to verify that transactions
are consistent with the rules of the Protocol.
Reporting is done by Parties by way of submitting annual emission
inventories and national reports under the Protocol at regular intervals.
A compliance system ensures that Parties are meeting their commitments
and helps them to meet their commitments if they have problems doing so.
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Monitoring emission targets
Adaptation
The Kyoto Protocol, like the Convention, is also designed to assist
countries in adapting to the adverse effects of climate change. It facilitates
the development and deployment of techniques that can help increase
resilience to the impacts of climate change.
The Adaptation Fund was established to finance adaptation projects and
programs in developing countries that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
The Fund is financed mainly with a share of proceeds from CDM project
activities.
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Monitoring emission targets
The road ahead
The Kyoto Protocol is generally seen as an important first step towards a
truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize GHG emissions,
and provides the essential architecture for any future international
agreement on climate change.
By the end of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol in 2012, a
new international framework needs to have been negotiated and ratified
that can deliver the stringent emission reductions the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has clearly indicated are needed.
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Related Abbreviations(관련 약어)
UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
IPCC: Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change
CO2: Carbon Dioxide
CO2eq: Carbon Dioxide Equivalent
GHG: Green House Gas
CERs: Certified Emissions Reductions
AAUs: Assigned Amount Unit
RMU: removal unit
ITL: International transaction log
CDM: Clean Development Mechanism
UNFCC is a international treaty to reduce global warming and
Temperature increase.
Kyoto Protocol is a international and legally binding agreements
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and entered
into force on 16 Feb 2005.
The Protocol based on the principle of “common but
differentiated responsibilities.”
The Protocol Mechanisms are,
(1) Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"
(2) Clean development mechanism (CDM)
(3) Joint implementation (JI)
<국제회의영어> 10차시 1강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1)
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You will be able to understand the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Emission Trading – known as “the carbon market”
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Joint Implementation (JI)
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Emission Trading – known as “the carbon market”
Greenhouse gas emissions - a new commodity
Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol have accepted targets
for limiting or reducing emissions. These targets are expressed as levels of
allowed emissions, or “assigned amounts,” over the 2008-2012
commitment periods. The allowed emissions are divided into “assigned
amount units” (AAUs).
Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows
countries that have emission units to spare - emissions permitted them but
not "used" - to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their
targets.
Thus, a new commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or
removals. Since carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, people
speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like
any other commodity. This is known as the "carbon market."
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Emission Trading – known as “the carbon market”
Other trading units in the carbon market
More than actual emissions units can be traded and sold under the Kyoto
Protocol’s emissions trading scheme.
The other units which may be transferred under the scheme, each equal to
one tone of CO2, may be in the form of:
• A removal unit (RMU) on the basis of land use, land-use change and
forestry (LULUCF) activities such as reforestation
• An emission reduction unit (ERU) generated by a joint implementation
project
• A certified emission reduction (CER) generated from a clean development
mechanism project activity
Transfers and acquisitions of these units are tracked and recorded through
the registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol.
An international transaction log (ITL) ensures secure transfer of emission
reduction units between countries.
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Emission Trading – known as “the carbon market”
The commitment period reserve
In order to address the concern that Parties could "oversell" units, and
subsequently be unable to meet their own emissions targets, each Party is
required to maintain a reserve of ERUs, CERs, AAUs and/or RMUs in its
national registry. This reserve, known as the "commitment period reserve",
should not drop below 90 per cent of the Party's assigned amount or 100
per cent of five times its most recently reviewed inventory, whichever is
lowest.
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Emission Trading – known as “the carbon market”
Relationship to domestic and regional emissions trading schemes
Emissions trading schemes may be established as climate policy
instruments at the national level and the regional level. Under such
schemes, governments set emissions obligations to be reached by the
participating entities. The European Union emissions trading scheme is the
largest in operation.
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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), defined in Article 12 of the Protocol,
allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment
under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to implement an emission-reduction
project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified
emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tone of CO2, which
can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.
The mechanism is seen by many as a trailblazer. It is the first global,
environmental investment and credit scheme of its kind, providing a standardized
emissions offset instrument, CERs.
A CDM project activity might involve, for example, a rural electrification project
using solar panels or the installation of more energy-efficient boilers.
The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions,
while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their
emission reduction or limitation targets.
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Operating details of the CDM
A CDM project must provide emission reductions that are additional to what
would otherwise have occurred. The projects must qualify through a
rigorous and public registration and issuance process. Approval is given by
the Designated National Authorities. Public funding for CDM project
activities must not result in the diversion of official development assistance.
The mechanism is overseen by the CDM Executive Board, answerable
ultimately to the countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol.
Operational since the beginning of 2006, the mechanism has already
registered more than 1,650 projects and is anticipated to produce CERs
amounting to more than 2.9 billion tones of CO2 equivalent in the first
commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, 2008–2012.
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Joint Implementation (JI)
The mechanism known as “joint implementation,” defined in Article 6 of the
Kyoto Protocol, allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation
commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn emission
reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction or emission removal project
in another Annex B Party, each equivalent to one tone of CO2, which can be
counted towards meeting its Kyoto target.
Joint implementation offers Parties a flexible and cost-efficient means of
fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits from
foreign investment and technology transfer.
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Joint Implementation (JI)
Eligibility and approval
A JI project must provide a reduction in emissions by sources, or an
enhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional to what would
otherwise have occurred. Projects must have approval of the host Party
and participants have to be authorized to participate by a Party involved in
the project.
Projects starting as from the year 2000 may be eligible as JI projects if they
meet the relevant requirements, but ERUs may only be issued for a
crediting period starting after the beginning of 2008.
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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Joint Implementation (JI)
Track 1 and Track 2 procedures
If a host Party meets all of the eligibility requirements to transfer and/or
acquire ERUs, it may verify emission reductions or enhancements of
removals from a JI project as being additional to any that would otherwise
occur. Upon such verification, the host Party may issue the appropriate
quantity of ERUs. This procedure is commonly referred to as the “Track 1”
procedure.”
If a host Party does not meet all, but only a limited set of eligibility
requirements, verification of emission reductions or enhancements of
removals as being additional has to be done through the verification
procedure under the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JISC).
Under this so-called “Track 2” procedure, an independent entity accredited
by the JISC has to determine whether the relevant requirements have been
met before the host Party can issue and transfer ERUs.
A host Party which meets all the eligibility requirements may at any time
choose to use the verification procedure under the JISC (Track 2
procedure).
Under the Kyoto Mechanism, firstly, known as “carbon market”,
greenhouse gas emission trading mechanism was created in
the form of emission reductions or removals.
Secondly, the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows
a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation
to implement an emission-reduction project in the developing
countries.
Thirdly, “joint implementation,” allows a country to earn
emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction
or emission removal project in another Annex B Party
10차시 2강 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2)
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You will be understand about the newly created UN Women,
the UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of
Women.
UN WOMEN
<국제회의영어> 11차시 1강 About UN WOMEN
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<UN WOMEN>
In July 2010, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women, the
United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of
Women.
In doing so, UN Member States took an historic step in accelerating the
Organization’s goals on gender equality and the empowerment of women.
The creation of UN Women came about as part of the UN reform agenda,
bringing together resources and mandates for greater impact.
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<UN WOMEN>
Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW)
International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
(INSTRAW)
Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI)
United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)
It merges and builds on the important work of four previously distinct parts
of the UN system, which focused exclusively on gender equality and
women’s empowerment:
<국제회의영어> 11차시 1강 About UN WOMEN
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<UN WOMEN>
To support inter-governmental bodies, such as the Commission on the Status of
Women, in their formulation of policies, global standards and norms.
To help Member States to implement these standards, standing ready to provide
suitable technical and financial support to those countries that request it, and to
forge effective partnerships with civil society.
To hold the UN system accountable for its own commitments on gender
equality, including regular monitoring of system-wide progress.
The main roles of UN Women are:
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Meeting the Needs of the World’s Women
Over many decades, the UN has made significant progress in advancing gender
equality, including through landmark agreements such as the Beijing Declaration
and Platform for Action and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).
Gender equality is not only a basic human right, but its achievement has
enormous socio-economic ramifications. Empowering women fuels thriving
economies, spurring productivity and growth.
Yet gender inequalities remain deeply entrenched in every society. Women lack
access to decent work and face occupational segregation and gender wage
gaps. They are too often denied access to basic education and health care.
Women in all parts of the world suffer violence and discrimination. They are
under-represented in political and economic decision-making processes.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 1강 About UN WOMEN
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Meeting the Needs of the World’s Women
For many years, the UN has faced serious challenges in its efforts to promote
gender equality globally, including inadequate funding and no single recognized
driver to direct UN activities on gender equality issues.
UN Women was created to address such challenges. It will be a dynamic and
strong champion for women and girls, providing them with a powerful voice at
the global, regional and local levels.
Grounded in the vision of equality enshrined in the UN Charter, UN Women,
among other issues, works for the:
elimination of discrimination against women and girls;
empowerment of women; and
achievement of equality between women and men as partners and beneficiaries
of development, human rights, humanitarian action and peace and security.
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Guiding Documents
Several international agreements guide the work of UN Women:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
(CEDAW).
The “women’s bill of rights” is a cornerstone of all UN Women
programmes. More than 185 countries are parties to the Convention.
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (PFA).
Adopted by governments at the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women,
this document sets forth governments’ commitments to enhance women’s
rights. Member states reaffirmed and strengthened the platform in 2000
during the global five-year review of progress, and pledged to accelerate
its implementation during the 10-year review in 2005 and the 15-year
review in 2010.
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Guiding Documents
Several international agreements guide the work of UN Women:
UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000)
recognized that war impacts women differently, and reaffirmed the need to
increase women’s role in decision-making with regard to conflict
prevention and resolution. The UN Security Council subsequently adopted
four additional resolutions on women, peace and security: 1820 (2008),
1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010). Taken together, the five
resolutions represent a critical framework for improving the situation of
women in conflict-affected countries.
Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals were embraced
by all UN Member States and outline a set of time-bound and measurable
goals and targets to promote gender equality and to combat poverty,
hunger, disease, illiteracy and environmental degradation by 2015.
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What does UN Women do at the global, regional and country levels?
UN Women is the lead driver and lead voice advocating for gender equality and
women’s empowerment globally. It supports Member States to advance gender
equality, in line with national priorities and international norms and policies. It
builds effective partnerships with civil society and mobilizes support, both
political and financial, for the achievement of international goals for women. UN
Women provides substantive support to UN bodies on all aspects of gender
equality issues.
It works with UN partners at the regional and country levels to ensure that
demand for technical expertise from national partners and regional organizations
are met. It undertakes global, regional and national advocacy efforts to ensure
that under-recognized and under-resourced issues receive the requisite
attention. At the country level it provides technical and financial support to
national partners, helping them develop the ability to address their priority
challenges. UN Women also supports UN Country Teams to strengthen and
coordinate action on gender equality.
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What is the budget for UN Women and how is it funded?
UN Women is funded largely by both voluntary contributions and the regular UN
budget. At least US$500 million annually has been recognized by Member States
as the minimum investment needed for UN Women.
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What does the creation of UN Women mean for other offices and
funds in the UN system working on gender and women’s empowerment?
UN Women will enhance, not replace, efforts by other parts of the UN system
(such as UNICEF, UNDP, and UNFPA), which will continue to have a
responsibility to work for gender equality and women’s empowerment in their
areas of expertise.
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Who heads UN Women and where is it based?
Following an open, transparent and rigorous recruitment process, UN Secretary-
General Ban Ki-moon announced on 14 September 2010 the appointment Ms.
Michelle Bachelet as the Executive Director and Under-Secretary-General to
head UN Women. The Under-Secretary-General will be a member of all senior
UN decision-making bodies and will report to the Secretary-General. UN Women
is headquartered in New York.
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How does UN Women work with UN Member States?
One of the main aims of creating UN Women is to strengthen the UN’s ability to
provide coherent, timely and demand-driven support to UN Member States, at
their request, in their efforts to realize equality for all women and girls. It will be
up to each Member State to decide what kind of support UN Women will provide
in that country.
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How is civil society involved with UN Women?
Years of advocacy by the global women’s movement have been instrumental in
the creation of UN Women. Civil society, in particular women’s organizations,
play a vital role in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment, and
strong and dynamic relationships between UN Women and civil society partners
in all parts of the world are crucial in working towards the achievement these
goals. As such, non-governmental organization partners will have a strong voice
in the priority-setting, policies and programs of UN Women which, in turn, will
provide support to women’s organizations and networks.
The newly created UN Women, the UN Entity for Gender
Equality and the Empowerment of Women’s main roles are:
(1) To support CSW and their formulation of policies, global
standards and norms.
(2) To help Member States to implement these standards, to
provide suitable technical and financial support based on
the countries request, and to forge effective partnerships
with civil society.
(3) To hold the UN system accountable for its own
commitments on gender equality, including regular
monitoring of system-wide progress.
You will be understand various kinds of the violence against
women(VAW) in worldwide through the UN Secretary General’s
Study on the Ending VAW.
UN Secretary General’s Study on the ‘Ending Violence
Against Women – from word to action’
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006) To END VIOLENCE
AGAINST WOMEN
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Violence against Women; the Situation
Violence against women takes many forms – physical, sexual, psychological and
economic. These forms of violence are interrelated and affect women from
before birth to old age. Some types of violence, such as trafficking, cross
national boundaries.
Women who experience violence suffer a range of health problems and their
ability to participate in public life is diminished. Violence against women harms
families and communities across generations and reinforces other violence
prevalent in society.
Violence against women also impoverishes women, their families, communities
and nations. Violence against women is not confined to a specific culture, region
or country, or to particular groups of women within a society. The roots of
violence against women lie in persistent discrimination against women.
Up to 70 per cent of women experience violence in their lifetime.
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Violence by an intimate partner
The most common form of violence experienced by women globally is physical
violence inflicted by an intimate partner, with women beaten, coerced into sex or
otherwise abused.
A World Health Organization (WHO) study in 11 countries found that the
percentage of women who had been subjected to sexual violence by an intimate
partner ranged from 6 per cent in Japan to 59 per cent in Ethiopia.
Several global surveys suggest that half of all women who die from homicide are
killed by their current or former husbands or partners.
In Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and the United States, 40 to 70 per
cent of female murder victims were killed by their partners, according to the
World Health Organization.
In Colombia, one woman is reportedly killed by her partner or former partner
every six days.
Psychological or emotional violence by intimate partners is also widespread.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
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Sexual violence
It is estimated that, worldwide, one in five women will become a victim of rape
or attempted rape in her lifetime.
The practice of early marriage - a form of sexual violence - is common
worldwide, especially in Africa and South Asia. Young girls are often forced into
the marriage and into sexual relations, causing health risks, including exposure
to HIV/AIDS, and limiting their attendance in school.
One effect of sexual abuse is traumatic gynecologic fistula: an injury resulting
from severe tearing of the vaginal tissues, rendering the woman incontinent and
socially undesirable.
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Sexual violence in conflict
Sexual violence in conflict is a serious, present-day atrocity affecting millions of
people, primarily women and girls. It is frequently a conscious strategy employed
on a large scale by armed groups to humiliate opponents, terrify individuals and
destroy societies. Women and girls may also be subjected to sexual exploitation
by those mandated to protect them.
Women as old as grandmothers and as young as toddlers have routinely suffered
violent sexual abuse at the hands of military and rebel forces.
Rape has long been used as a tactic of war, with violence against women during
or after armed conflicts reported in every international or non-international warzone.
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To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
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Sexual violence in conflict
In the Democratic Republic of Congo approximately 1,100 rapes are being
reported each month, with an average of 36 women and girls raped every day.
It is believed that over 200,000 women have suffered from sexual violence in
that country since armed conflict began.
The rape and sexual violation of women and girls is pervasive in the conflict in
the Darfur region of Sudan.
Between 250,000 and 500,000 women were raped during the 1994 genocide in
Rwanda.
Sexual violence was a characterizing feature of the 14-year long civil war in
Liberia.
During the conflict in Bosnia in the early 1990s, between 20,000 and 50,000
women were raped.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
-7-
Violence and HIV/AIDS
Women’s inability to negotiate safe sex and refuse unwanted sex is closely linked
to the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS. Unwanted sex results in a higher risk of
abrasion and bleeding and easier transmission of the virus.
Women who are beaten by their partners are 48 per cent more likely to be
infected with HIV/AIDS.
Young women are particularly vulnerable to coerced sex and are increasingly
being infected with HIV/AIDS. Over half of new HIV infections worldwide are
occurring among young people between the ages of 15 and 24, and more than
60 per cent of HIV-positive youth in this age bracket are female.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
-8-
Female Genital Mutilation/Genital Cutting
Female Genital Mutilation/Genital Cutting (FGM/C) refers to several types of
traditional cutting operations performed on women and girls.
It is estimated that between 100 and 140 million girls and women alive today
have undergone FGM/C, mainly in Africa and some Middle Eastern countries.
3 million girls a year are thought to be at risk of genital mutilation.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
-9-
Dowry murder
Dowry murder is a brutal practice where a woman is killed by her husband or inlaws
because her family cannot meet their demands for dowry — a payment
made to a woman’s in-laws upon her marriage as a gift to her new family.
While dowries or similar payments are prevalent worldwide, dowry murder occurs
predominantly in South Asia.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
-10-
“Honor killing”
In many societies, rape victims, women suspected of engaging in premarital sex,
and women accused of adultery have been murdered by their relatives because
the violation of a woman’s chastity is viewed as an affront to the family’s honor.
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that the annual
worldwide number of so-called “honor killing” victims may be as high as 5,000
women.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
-11-
Trafficking in persons
Between 500,000 to 2 million people are trafficked annually into situations
including prostitution, forced labor, slavery or servitude, according to estimates.
Women and girls account for about 80 per cent of the detected victims.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
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Violence during pregnancy
Violence before and during pregnancy has serious health consequences for both
mother and child. It leads to high risk pregnancies and pregnancy-related
problems, including miscarriage, pre-term labor and low birth weight.
Female infanticide, prenatal sex selection and systematic neglect of girls are
widespread in South and East Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
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Discrimination and violence
Many women face multiple forms of discrimination and increased risk of
violence.
Indigenous women in Canada are five times more likely than other women of
the same age to die as the result of violence.
In Europe, North America and Australia, over half of women with disabilities
have experienced physical abuse, compared to one-third of non-disabled
women.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
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Cost and Consequences
The costs of violence against women are extremely high. They include the direct
costs of services to treat and support abused women and their children and to
bring perpetrators to justice.
The indirect costs include lost employment and productivity, and the costs in
human pain and suffering.
The cost of intimate partner violence in the United States alone exceeds $5.8
billion per year: $4.1 billion is for direct medical and health care services, while
productivity losses account for nearly $1.8 billion.
A 2004 study in the United Kingdom estimated the total direct and indirect
costs of domestic violence, including pain and suffering, to be ￡23 billion per
year or ￡440 per person.
<국제회의영어> 11차시 2강 UN Secretary-General’s Campaign (2006)
To END VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
According to the UN Secretary General’s Study
Report on VAW, the costs of violence against women
are extremely high and they include the direct costs
of services to treat and support abused women and
their children and to bring perpetrators to justice.
-15-
You will be able to understands about the trends and statistics
And analysis on the status of women and men in the world
such as, population and families, health, education,
power and decision making, poverty, work, environment,
violence against women.
The World's Women 2010 :
- population and families
- health
- education
- power and decision making
2
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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<Summary>
In the Beijing Declaration adopted in 1995 by the Fourth World Conference on
Women, participating Governments expressed their commitment “to advance the
goals of equality, development and peace for all women everywhere in the
interest of humanity”. To assess whether these goals are being achieved, The
World’s Women is produced by the United Nations every five years, as called for
in the Beijing Platform for Action.
The World’s Women 2010: Trends and Statistics presents statistics and analysis
on the status of women and men in the world, highlighting the current situation
and changes over time. Analyses are based mainly on statistics from
international and national statistical agencies. The report covers several broad
policy areas – population and families, health, education, work, power and
decision-making, violence against women, environment and poverty. The main
findings are summarized below.
The World's Women 2010
Trends and Statistics
United Nations New York, 2010
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
3
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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General population patterns, families
In today’s world, there are 57 million more men than women. This surplus of
men is concentrated in the youngest age groups and steadily diminishes until it
disappears at about age 50, thereafter becoming a surplus of women owing to
their longer life expectancy. A surplus of men characterizes the world’s most
populous countries – China and India – hence the large surplus of men
worldwide. In most other countries, there are more women than men. The
surplus of women in older age groups is significant and is increasing, with
obvious implications for health care and other social needs.
People are marrying at older ages than in the past – especially women. In
Europe, the average age at which women first marry is 30 or older in many
countries.
4
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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General population patterns, families
In some less developed countries, however, such as Mali, Niger and several
other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the average age at which women first
marry is still below 20. As family-building often starts with a marriage, the
consequences for fertility is obvious. Globally, fertility declined to 2.5 births per
woman, but women who bear more than five children are still common in
countries where women marry early. Early marriage and high fertility limit such
women’s opportunities for education and employment and can severely diminish
their chances for advancement in life.
Once constituted, maintaining families and caring for family members lies
primarily on the shoulders of women, who spend, on average, more working
hours per day than men.
5
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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Health
In all regions, women live longer than men. However, social, cultural and
economic factors can affect the natural advantage of women compared to men.
For example, in developing countries where pregnancy and childbirth can be lifethreatening,
women’s exposure to risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth
tend to equalize life expectancies between the sexes; whereas in developed
countries, the adoption of unhealthy behaviors by women, such as smoking and
drinking, can also equalize life expectancy. The data reveal that, globally, noncommunicable
diseases are already the most important causes of death for both
men and women.
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that relate to health is
important for improving the quality of life of all people. The past decades saw
considerable reductions in child mortality worldwide, which is one of the eight
MDGs.
6
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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Health
However, Africa continues to have high rates of child mortality despite intensified
efforts to reduce it. Another MDG is to improve maternal health. Access to
prenatal care and birth delivery attendance by skilled health personnel are
essential to achieving this goal. Findings show there have been increases in the
proportion of women receiving prenatal care but much still needs to be
improved.
The Beijing Platform for Action recognized that social and cultural factors often
increase women’s vulnerability to HIV and may determine the course that the
infection takes in their lives. Recent data show that in sub-Saharan Africa, North
Africa and the Middle East, women account for more than half of people living
with HIV/AIDS. The toll exacted by HIV/AIDS on the lives of women extends
beyond their physical health to the families and communities that depend on
them.
7
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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Education
There is progress – albeit slow and uneven – in the literacy status of adult women
and men around the world. However, reflecting the persistent disadvantages they
face, women account for two thirds of the world’s 774 million adult illiterates – a
proportion that is unchanged over the past two decades. Gender disparities in
adult literacy rates remain wide in most regions of the world. However, there is a
reason to look toward future decades with optimism as improvement in access
to education eventually raises literacy levels. In almost all countries, literacy rates
for the young are higher than those for adults. The vast majority of young people
in the world are literate and improvements in youth literacy rates have been
accompanied by declining gender disparities.
Primary enrolment of girls and boys is increasing across the world. Outstanding
gains have been registered in several less developed regions of the world,
particularly Africa and South-Central Asia. Yet several countries in these regions
are still far from attaining universal primary education.
8
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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Education
Measurable progress has been made towards greater gender parity in primary
enrolment, with gender gaps diminishing in most regions of the world. Positive
global trends in primary enrolment, however, obscure uneven progress and some
slippage or stagnation. While the overall progress in primary education in the
past decade is encouraging, major barriers stand in the way of progress: 72
million children – 54 per cent of them girls – are out of school. The evidence
indicates that much remains to be done to keep the world on track to meet the
goal of universal primary education.
There is increased participation in secondary education. However, progress in
secondary enrolment lags behind that in primary education. Compared to
participation at the primary level, a significantly lower proportion of the official
secondary-school age population attends school.
9
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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Education
In addition, gender disparities in secondary enrolment are wider and occur in
more countries than at the primary level. Due to the unprecedented expansion of
the tertiary student body over the past two decades, one of the most noticeable
improvements in women’s enrolment is registered at the tertiary level. Men’s
dominance in tertiary education has been reversed globally and gender
disparities currently favor women, except in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern
and Western Asia. The distribution of tertiary enrolment across various fields of
study brings to light the gender dimension of, and inequalities in, participation in
tertiary education. Gender differences in tertiary participation are apparent
throughout the world, with women predominant in the fields of education, health
and welfare, social sciences, humanities and art, while they remain severely
underrepresented in the fields of science and engineering.
10
<국제회의영어> 12차시 1강 The World's Women 2010 (1)
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Power and decision-making
Around the world, a lack of gender balance in decision-making positions in
government persists. Women continue to be underrepresented in national
parliaments, where on average only 17 per cent of seats are occupied by
women. The share of women among ministers also averages 17 per cent. The
highest positions are even more elusive: only 7 of 150 elected Heads of State in
the world are women, and only 11 of 192 Heads of Government. The situation is
similar at the level of local government: female elected councilors are
underrepresented in all regions of the world and female mayors even more so.
In the private sector, women are on most boards of directors of large companies
but their number remains low compared to men. Furthermore, the “glass ceiling”
has hindered women’s access to leadership positions in private companies. This
is especially notable in the largest corporations, which remain male-dominated.
Of the 500 largest corporations in the world, only 13 have a female chief
executive officer.
The World’s Women 2010: Trends and Statistics presents
statistics and analysis on the status of women and men in
the world, highlighting the current situation and changes
such as population and families, health, education,
power and decision-making.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-1-
You will be able to understands about the trends and statistics
And analysis on the status of women and men in the world
such as, population and families, health, education,
power and decision making, poverty, work, environment,
violence against women.
The World's Women 2010
- poverty
- work
- environment
- violence against women
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-2-
Poverty
In some parts of the world, women and girls are often more burdened by the
poverty of their household and their environment than men and boys. At the
household level, data show that certain types of female-headed households are
more likely to be poor than male-headed households of the same type. In Latin
America and the Caribbean and the more developed regions households of lone
mothers with children have higher poverty rates than those of lone fathers with
children. In the same regions, poverty rates are higher for women than for men
when living in one-person households.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-3-
Poverty
At the individual level, women’s lack of access to and control over resources
limits their economic autonomy and increases their vulnerability to economic or
environmental shocks. Compared to men, lower proportions of women have
cash income in the less developed regions. Existing statutory and customary
laws still restrict women’s access to land and other types of property in most
countries in Africa and about half the countries in Asia. Moreover, significant
proportions of married women from the less developed regions have no control
over household spending, including spending their own cash earnings,
particularly in countries from sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-4-
Work
Globally, women’s participation in the labor market remained steady in the two
decades from 1990 to 2010, hovering around 52 per cent. In contrast, global
labor force participation rates for men declined steadily over the same period,
from 81 to 77 per cent. In 2010, women’s labor force participation rates remain
below 30 per cent in Northern Africa and Western Asia; below 40 per cent in
Southern Asia; and below 50 per cent in the Caribbean and Central America. The
gap between participation rates of women and men has narrowed slightly in the
last 20 years but remains considerable. The smallest gender gaps are in the early
adult years and the widest in the prime working ages.
Employment levels in the services sector continue to grow for both women and
men. In the more developed economies, the labor force – especially the female
labor force – is employed predominantly in services. This sector accounts for at
least three quarters of women’s employment in most of the more developed
regions and in Latin America and the Caribbean.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-5-
Work
In contrast, agriculture still accounts for more than half of the employment of
women and men In sub-Saharan Africa (excluding Southern Africa) and of
women in Southern Asia. In those regions, the majority of workers – women to a
greater extent than men – are in vulnerable employment, being either ownaccount
workers or contributing family workers.
Over the years, women have entered various traditionally male-dominated
occupations. However, they are still rarely employed in jobs with status, power
and authority or in traditionally male blue-collar occupations. Relative to their
overall share of total employment, women are significantly underrepresented
among legislators, senior officials and managers, craft and related trade
workers, and plant and machine operators and assemblers; they are heavily
overrepresented among clerks, professionals, and service and sales workers.
Horizontal and vertical job segregation has resulted in a persistent gender pay
gap everywhere. While the gender pay gap is closing slowly in some countries, it
has remained unchanged in others.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-6-
Work
In spite of the changes that have occurred in women’s participation in the labor
market, women continue to bear most of the responsibilities for the home: caring
for children and other dependent household members, preparing meals and
doing other housework. In all regions, women spend at least twice as much time
as men on unpaid domestic work. Women who are employed spend an
inordinate amount of time on the double burden of paid work and family
responsibilities; when unpaid work is taken into account, women’s total work
hours are longer than men’s in all regions.
Like their adult counterparts, girls are more likely than boys to perform unpaid
work within their own household. In the less developed regions, many young girls
aged 5-14 take on a large amount of household chores, including care-giving,
cooking and cleaning, and older girls do so to an even greater extent. While boys
also do household chores, their participation rate is not as high as that of girls.
Moreover, girls generally work longer hours than boys, whether they are engaged
in housework only, employment only or both. Long hours of work affect
children’s ability to participate fully in education. Analysis shows that school
attendance declines as the number of hours spent on household chores
increases – and declines more steeply for girls than for boys.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-7-
Environment
Poor infrastructure and housing conditions as well as natural hazards
disproportionately affect women from the less developed regions in terms of
unpaid work, health and survival. More than half of rural households and about a
quarter of urban households in sub-Saharan Africa lacks easy access to drinking
water. In most of those households, the burden of water collection rests on
women, thereby reducing the amount of time they can spend on other activities,
whether income-earning, educational or leisure.
Lack of access to clean energy fuels and improved stoves in sub-Saharan Africa
and parts of Southern and South-Eastern Asia continue to have a major impact
on health. Women are more exposed than men to smoke from burning solid
fuels because they spend more time near a fire while cooking and more time
indoors taking care of children and household chores, thus increasing their
likelihood to develop respiratory infections, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-8-
Environment
Furthermore, several natural disasters in the less developed regions, such as the
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, claimed more female than male lives, suggesting
that more needs to be done in terms of providing equal access to information
and life-skills development.
All these environmental factors will continue to disproportionately affect women
as long as gender-differentiated roles and expectations in the household, family
and community life are maintained. At the same time, the participation of
women in environmental decision-making, particularly at a high level, remains
limited, thus restricting the integration of women’s issues and gender
perspectives into policy-making on the environment.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-9-
Violence Against Women
While rates of women exposed to violence vary from one region to the other,
statistics indicate that violence against women is a universal phenomenon and
women are subjected to different forms of violence – physical, sexual,
psychological and economic – both within and outside their homes.
Perpetrators of violence against women are most often their intimate partners.
Women are abused physically and sexually by intimate partners at different rates
throughout the world – yet such abuse occurs in all countries or areas, without
exception. Younger women are more at risk than older women and since the
consequences of such violence last a lifetime it has a severely adverse impact
on women’s family and social life.
<국제회의영어> 12차시 2강 The World's Women 2010 (2)
-10-
Violence Against Women
Female genital mutilation – the most harmful mass perpetration of violence
against women – is declining for the young girls compelled to suffer it. However,
it is still reported in a number of countries at high levels.
At the same time, in many regions of the world, longstanding customs put
considerable pressure on women to accept being beaten by their husbands,
even for trivial reasons. Whether for burning the food, venturing outside without
telling their husband, neglecting children or arguing with their husband, in quite a
few countries a very high percentage of women consider such behavior sufficient
grounds for being physically hit.
The World’s Women 2010: Trends and Statistics
presents statistics and analysis on the status of women
and men in the world, highlighting the current situation
and changes such as poverty, work, environment,
violence against women.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
-1-
You will be able to understand about the G20 Seoul Summit
Leader’s Declaration.
G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
-2-
THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
We, the Leaders of the G20, are united in our conviction that by working together
we can secure a more prosperous future for the citizens of all countries.
THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT
LEADERS’ DECLARATION
NOVEMBER 11 – 12, 2010
1
When we first gathered in November 2008 to address the most severe world
recession our generation has ever confronted, we pledged to support and
stabilize the global economy, and at the same time, to lay the foundation for
reform, to ensure the world would never face such upheaval again.
2
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
-3-
THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
Over the past four Summits, we have worked with unprecedented cooperation to
break the dramatic fall in the global economy to establish the basis for recovery
and renewed growth.
3
The concrete steps we have taken will help ensure we are better prepared to
prevent and, if necessary, to withstand future crises. We pledge to continue our
coordinated efforts and act together to generate strong, sustainable and
balanced growth.
4
We recognize the importance of addressing the concerns of the most
vulnerable. To this end, we are determined to put jobs at the heart of the
recovery, to provide social protection, decent work and also to ensure
accelerated growth in low income countries (LICs).
5
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
Our relentless and cooperative efforts over the last two years have delivered strong
results. However, we must stay vigilant.
6
Risks remain. Some of us are experiencing strong growth, while others face
high levels of unemployment and sluggish recovery. Uneven growth and
widening imbalances are fueling the temptation to diverge from global solutions
into uncoordinated actions. However, uncoordinated policy actions will only
lead to worse outcomes for all.
7
Since 2008, a common view of the challenges of the world economy, the
necessary responses and our determination to resist protectionism has enabled
us to both address the root causes of the crisis and safeguard the recovery. We
are agreed today to develop our common view to meet these new challenges
and a path to strong, sustainable and balanced growth beyond the crisis.
8
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
-5-
THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
the Seoul Action Plan composed of comprehensive, cooperative and
country-specific policy actions to move closer to our shared objective. The
Plan includes our commitment to:
undertake macroeconomic policies, including fiscal consolidation where
necessary, to ensure ongoing recovery and sustainable growth and
enhance the stability of financial markets, in particular moving toward
more market determined exchange rate systems, enhancing exchange
rate flexibility to reflect underlying economic fundamentals, and refraining
from competitive devaluation of currencies. Advanced economies,
including those with reserve currencies, will be vigilant against excess
volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates. These actions will
help mitigate the risk of excessive volatility in capital flows facing some
emerging countries;
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
implement a range of structural reforms that boost and sustain global
demand, foster job creation, and increase the potential for growth; and
We will strengthen multilateral cooperation to promote external sustainability
and pursue the full range of policies conducive to reducing excessive
imbalances and maintaining current account imbalances at sustainable
levels.
enhance the Mutual Assessment Process (MAP) to promote external
sustainability.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
Persistently large imbalances, assessed against indicative guidelines to be
agreed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, warrant an
assessment of their nature and the root causes of impediments to adjustment
as part of the MAP, recognizing the need to take into account national or
regional circumstances, including large commodity producers.
These indicative guidelines composed of a range of indicators would serve as
a mechanism to facilitate timely identification of large imbalances that require
preventive and corrective actions to be taken.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
-8-
THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
To support our efforts toward meeting these commitments, we call on our
Framework Working Group, with technical support from the IMF and other
international organizations, to develop these indicative guidelines, with
progress to be discussed by our Finance Ministers and Central Bank
Governors in the first half of 2011; and, in Gyeongju, our Finance Ministers
and Central Bank Governors called on the IMF to provide an assessment as
part of the MAP on the progress toward external sustainability and the
consistency of fiscal, monetary, financial sector, structural, exchange rate
and other policies.
In light of this, the first such assessment, to be based on the above
mentioned indicative guidelines, will be initiated and undertaken in due course
under the French Presidency.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
-9-
THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
a modernized IMF that better reflects the changes in the world economy
through greater representation of dynamic emerging markets and developing
countries. These comprehensive quota and governance reforms, as outlined
in the Seoul Summit Document, will enhance the IMF’s legitimacy, credibility
and effectiveness, making it an even stronger institution for promoting global
financial stability and growth.
instruments to strengthen global financial safety nets, which help countries
cope with financial volatility by providing them with practical tools to
overcome sudden reversals of international capital flows.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
core elements of a new financial regulatory framework, including bank capital
and liquidity standards, as well as measures to better regulate and effectively
resolve systemically important financial institutions, complemented by more
effective oversight and supervision.
This new framework, complemented by other achievements as outlined in the
Seoul Summit Document, will ensure a more resilient financial system by
reining in the past excesses of the financial sector and better serving the
needs of our economies.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
-11-
THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth that sets out our
commitment to work in partnership with other developing countries, and LICs
in particular, to help them build the capacity to achieve and maximize their
growth potential, thereby contributing to global rebalancing.
The Seoul Consensus complements our commitment to achieve the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and focuses on concrete measures
as summarized in our Multi-Year Action Plan on Development to make a
tangible and significant difference in people’s lives, including in particular
through the development of infrastructure in developing countries.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
the Financial Inclusion Action Plan, the Global Partnership for Financial
Inclusion and a flexible SME Finance Framework, all of which will significantly
contribute to improving access to financial services and expanding
opportunities for poor households and small and medium enterprises.
our strong commitment to direct our negotiators to engage in across-theboard
negotiations to promptly bring the Doha Development Round to a
successful, ambitious, comprehensive, and balanced conclusion consistent
with the mandate of the Doha Development Round and built on the progress
already achieved.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
9 Today, the Seoul Summit delivers :
We recognize that 2011 is a critical window of opportunity, albeit narrow, and
that engagement among our representatives must intensify and expand. We
now need to complete the end game. once such an outcome is reached, we
commit to seek ratification, where necessary, in our respective systems. We
are also committed to resisting all forms of protectionist measures.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
We will continue to monitor and assess ongoing implementation of the
commitments made today and in the past in a transparent and objective way.
We hold ourselves accountable. What we promise, we will deliver.
10
Building on our achievements to date, we have agreed to work further on
macro-prudential policy frameworks; better reflect the perspective of
emerging market economies in financial regulatory reforms; strengthen
regulation and oversight of shadow banking; further work on regulation and
supervision of commodity derivatives markets; improve market integrity and
efficiency; enhance consumer protection; pursue all outstanding governance
reform issues at the IMF and World Bank; and build a more stable and
resilient international monetary system, including by further strengthening
global financial safety nets. We will also expand our MAP based on the
indicative guidelines to be agreed.
11
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
To promote resilience, job creation and mitigate risks for development, we
will prioritize action under the Seoul Consensus on addressing critical
bottlenecks, including infrastructure deficits, food market volatility, and
exclusion from financial services.
12
To provide broader, forward-looking leadership in the post-crisis economy,
we will also continue our work to prevent and tackle corruption through our
Anti-Corruption Action Plan; rationalize and phase-out over the medium term
inefficient fossil fuel subsidies; mitigate excessive fossil fuel price volatility;
safeguard the global marine environment; and combat the challenges of
global climate change.
13
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
We reaffirm our resolute commitment to fight climate change, as reflected in
the Leaders' Seoul Summit Document. We appreciate President Felipe
Calderón’s briefing on the status of the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change negotiations, as well as Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s briefing on the
report of the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing
submitted to the UN Secretary-General. We will spare no effort to reach a
balanced and successful outcome in Cancun.
14
We welcome the Fourth UN LDC Summit in Turkey and the Fourth High-Level
Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Korea, both to be held in 2011.
15
Recognizing the importance of private sector-led growth and job creation, we
welcome the Seoul G20 Business Summit and look forward to continuing the
G20 Business Summit in upcoming Summits.
16
<국제회의영어> 13차시 1강 G20 Summit Leaders’ Declaration
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THE G20 SEOUL SUMMIT LEADERS’ DECLARATION
The actions agreed today will help to further strengthen the global economy,
accelerate job creation, ensure more stable financial markets, narrow the
development gap and promote broadly shared growth beyond crisis.
17
We look forward to our next meeting in 2011 in France, and subsequent
meeting in 2012 in Mexico.
18
We thank Korea for its G20 Presidency and for hosting the successful Seoul
Summit.
19
The Seoul Summit 20 Document, which we have agreed, follows.
The Seoul Action Plan composed of comprehensive,
cooperative and country-specific policy actions to move
closer to our shared objective. The Plan includes our
commitment to:
• undertake macroeconomic policies, including fiscal
consolidation where necessary,
• implement a range of structural reforms that boost and
sustain global demand, foster job creation, and increase the
potential for growth; and
• enhance the Mutual Assessment Process (MAP) to promote
external sustainability.
• a modernized IMF
• instruments to strengthen global financial safety nets,
• core elements of a new financial regulatory framework,
• the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth
• the Financial Inclusion Action Plan. Etc.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
-1-
You will be able to understand about the UN Declaration on the
Rights to Development at 25 published by UN Human Rights
Office In 2011.
UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
Development is a human right
Widening poverty gaps, food shortages, climate change, economic crises,
armed conflicts, rising unemployment, popular unrest, and other pressing
challenges confront our world today. To respond effectively, we need the
United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development that unequivocally
establishes development as a right and puts people at the centre of the
development process.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
Development is a human right
“[E]very human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in,
contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development,
in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized,”
the groundbreaking Declaration first proclaimed this inalienable right on 4
December 1986, when it was adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly.
This year marks the Declaration’s 25th anniversary. Yet many children,
women and men – the very subjects of development – still live in dire need of
the fulfillment of their innate desire for a life of dignity, freedom and equal
opportunities and face denial of their fundamental human rights. The lack of
development directly affects the realization of a wide range of civil, political,
economic, social and cultural rights.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
Development is a human right
High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay calls on governments and all
concerned to seize the opportunity of this anniversary to move beyond
political debates and focus on practical steps to implement the Declaration.
“I am duty-bound to raise this anniversary call. Not for South or North. Not in
rote recitation of my mandate. Not for political correctness or for ceremony.
“But rather for the 500,000 preventable deaths of women in childbirth every
year, for the millions of children suffering from hunger in a world of plenty,
and for the more than one billion desperate souls around the world locked in
the jaws of poverty, not in an accident of nature, but as a result of the denial
of their fundamental human right to development,” says the UN human rights
chief.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
It belongs to all individuals and peoples
The pursuit of economic growth is not an end in itself. The Declaration clearly
states that development is a comprehensive process aiming to improve “the
well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their
active, free and meaningful participation… and the fair distribution” of the
resulting benefits.
Like all human rights, the right to development belongs to all individuals and
peoples, everywhere, without discrimination and with their participation. It
recognizes the right to self-determination and to full sovereignty over natural
wealth and resources.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
It belongs to all individuals and peoples
According to the latest UN Human Development Report, the number of
malnourished people has increased from 850 million in 1980 to about 1 billion
worldwide today. Despite over thirty years of technological progress and
ever-increasing exploitation of natural resources, 150 million more people are
now malnourished.
Rampant poverty and stark inequalities, both within and across countries,
serve as a constant reminder that the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, the fundamental principles of international human rights law it
subsequently inspired, and indeed the 1986 Declaration on the Right to
Development remain empty words for far too many people, especially those
belonging to marginalized groups.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
It responds to contemporary challenges
Born at the end of the colonial era, the Declaration on the Right to
Development remains highly relevant today. Its underlying requirements (see
box) can guide our responses to a series of contemporary challenges,
including climate change and the quest for sustainable development, the
stalled Doha Development Round of trade negotiations, development
cooperation, Aid for Trade, debt relief, technology transfer, foreign direct
investment, the democratic deficit, weak governance, Millennium
Development Goals and the need to reform international financial institutions.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
It responds to contemporary challenges
The UN Declaration on the Right to Development outlines key requirements as
follows:
putting people at the center of development
ensuring free, active and meaningful participation
securing non-discrimination
fairly distributing the benefits of development
respecting self-determination, and sovereignty over natural resources
all in a process that advances other civil, political economic, social and
cultural rights
www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r128.htm
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
It responds to contemporary challenges
The right to development is not about charity, but enablement and
empowerment. The Declaration identifies obstacles to development,
empowers individuals and peoples, creates an enabling environment and
good governance at both national and international levels for development,
and enhances accountability of both duty bearers and rights-holders. They
include governments, donors and recipients, international organizations,
transnational corporations, and civil society.
This right is tangible, justiciable and can be enforced.
For example, in 2010, the African Commission on Human and People’s
Rights found that the way in which the Endorois community in Kenya was
dispossessed of its traditional lands and denied access to resources
constituted a violation of their rights, including the right to development.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
Act together now, not later
The right to development embodies the human rights principles of equality,
non-discrimination, participation, transparency, accountability as well as
international cooperation in an integrated manner.
“States have the duty to cooperate with each other in ensuring development
and eliminating obstacles to development,” says the Declaration. While there
are hard-won development gains, the international community has yet to fully
utilize the potential of the Declaration, partly due to politicization and
polarization.
<국제회의영어> 13차시 2강 UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
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UN Declaration on the Right to Development at 25
Act together now, not later
In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights office (OHCHR) seeks to enhance
understanding and dialogue on the right to development through a series of
events and public information activities. More information including the
program of commemorative events is available on the OHCHR website
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/DevelopmentIndex.aspx
For further information, please contact R2D@ohchr.org
Infonote RtD-25Feb 212011
The UN Declaration on the Right to Development outlines key
requirements as follows:
putting people at the center of development
ensuring free, active and meaningful participation
securing non-discrimination
fairly distributing the benefits of development
respecting self-determination, and sovereignty over
natural resources
all in a process that advances other civil, political
economic, social and cultural rights
* 참고 web site : http://www.un.org/en/
여기서 쓰이는 단어 잘 알아야 한다.